Lake Malawi Haplochromis

Lake Malawi Haplochromis Species – Explained for Fishkeepers

When discussing Lake Malawi cichlids, the term Haps often comes up among aquarists. These are diverse, colorful fish that originate from Lake Malawi in East Africa. While all were once known under the genus Haplochromis, scientists later separated them into many groups such as Copadichromis, Protomelas, Sciaenochromis, and Otopharynx. Fishkeepers, however, still call these fish Haps because of their similar traits and behaviors.

These fish are primarily open-water or sand-dwelling cichlids. They are different from their rock-dwelling relatives, the Mbuna. These cichlids are agile and sleek, moving with grace through the water. Most species are carnivorous or piscivorous and will feed on smaller fish, aquatic invertebrates, or plankton they find in their natural habitat.

Within aquariums, Lake Malawi Haps are known for their beautiful metallic colors and larger size. They are generally calmer than Mbuna, which makes them great choices for peaceful African cichlid aquariums. Mature males often display bright blues, yellows, or reds during breeding. Their calm nature also helps in community tanks with other suitable Lake Malawi species.

Habitat and Behavior

In their home of Lake Malawi, Haplochromis inhabit open waters and sandy areas away from the rocky coastlines. This massive, clear lake is among the largest in the world, giving these cichlids plenty of room to roam in search of food. Their streamlined shape and quick, darting motion aid in both feeding and avoiding predators.

Most of these species eat other small fish, invertebrates, or plankton. For example, the well-known haplochromis venustus and Sciaenochromis fryeri (the Electric Blue Hap) are active piscivores. Watching these fish thrive in the aquarium is fascinating, especially during times of hunting or courtship.

Behaviorally, Haps are less aggressive than Mbuna. Males might become territorial when breeding, but aggression is usually manageable. They often claim a section of the tank to show off their colors and attract females. With enough swimming space and some hiding areas, haps do well in mixed tanks with similar cichlid species.

Tank Setup and Care 

To properly care for Haplochromis, it is essential to focus on space, water quality, and a natural environment. These active swimmers need a sizable tank so they can exhibit their natural behavior. Tank size is a key factor in keeping them healthy and stress-free.

Tank Size:
A group of Haps should be housed in at least a 75-gallon aquarium. More space is even better, especially for larger species like haplochromis ahli or haplochromis compressiceps. Many types will grow up to 6–10 ", needing open areas for swimming and some rockwork for security.

Aquascaping:
Unlike Mbuna, Haplochromis prefer minimal rockwork and a sandy bottom. Use scattered rocks and perhaps some hardy plants, such as Anubias or Vallisneria. The focus should remain on open areas that replicate the mid-water zones for natural movement and displaying behavior.

Water Conditions:
Lake Malawi's water is famous for being crystal-clear and alkaline. Maintain a pH of 7.8–8.6 and temperatures between 76-82°F (24–28°C). Water hardness should be moderately hard to hard. Clean, stable water is vital because Haps can be sensitive to poor conditions. Use robust filtration and perform weekly water changes of 25–30% to ensure healthy living.

Diet:
Most Haps are carnivorous or omnivorous. Feed them high-protein foods such as quality cichlid pellets. Along with frozen or live foods like brine shrimp, krill, or mysis shrimp. Avoid overfeeding with beef heart or other land-based proteins to prevent digestive problems.

Tankmates:
Haplochromis live peacefully with other non-aggressive cichlids from Lake Malawi, such as Peacocks (Aulonocara) and other Haps of comparable size. Highly aggressive Mbuna should be avoided, as their temperament often causes stress to peaceful Haps. For those looking for Haplochromis for sale, ensure your tank is ready for these unique and striking fish.